2001 – Present: From "Change through Trade" to "Systemic Rivalry"
Executive Summary
Since 2001, the relationship between Germany and the People's Republic of China has undergone a profound transformation. What began as a "Golden Era" of symbiotic economic growth—fueled by German technology and Chinese industrialization—has evolved into a complex geopolitical challenge. Following the 2016 Kuka acquisition and global conflicts, Berlin has pivoted to a strategy of "De-risking," aiming to reduce critical dependencies while maintaining essential dialogue.
The Economic Engine
Trade has been the bedrock of bilateral ties. China held the position of Germany's largest global trading partner for eight consecutive years (2016–2023). However, 2024 marks a potential shift as the USA overtakes China, signaling the changing tides of global commerce.
2016 Milestone
#1 Partner
China became Germany's top trading partner for the first time, surpassing the USA and France.
2024 Shift
2nd Place
Preliminary data indicates the USA has reclaimed the top spot as Germany's trading partner.
Top Imports from China
- 💻 Electronics
- 🔋 Batteries (EV)
- ☀️ Solar Components
Automotive Exposure
German carmakers (VW, BMW, Mercedes) have historically relied heavily on the Chinese market, accounting for over a third of their sales.
Investment Divergence
While German FDI in China reached record highs recently (concentrated in large firms), Chinese FDI in Germany has cooled significantly since the 2016 Kuka takeover.
Political & Diplomatic Evolution
The Schröder Era
1998 – 2005Focused on "Strategic Partnership". Strongly advocated for China's WTO entry in 2001. Initiated Rule of Law Dialogue.
Merkel: Golden Era
2005 – 2015Established Inter-Governmental Consultations (2011). 2014 "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership". Rapid trade expansion.
The Turning Point
2016 – 2020Kuka Takeover (2016) triggers wake-up call on tech transfer. Growing skepticism over "Made in China 2025". Huawei 5G debates.
Scholz: Systemic Rivalry
2021 – 20252023 China Strategy: "De-risking" not decoupling. Critical of Russia stance. Focus on reducing one-sided dependencies.
40,000+
Chinese students in Germany annually
~19 Institutes
Confucius Institutes (Facing scrutiny)
Visa-Free
Experimental entry for Germans (2023/24)